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The standard method of tapping is to score the tree with a knife for half the circumference of the trunk, slanting the cut down from left to right at an angle of 30° starting at the highest point convenient to the tapper.
Since each color accounts for half the circumference of the circle, the result is approximately a strip of height r and width πr, or area πr2.
We performed fenestration wounds in 12 trees, removing bark, phloem and vascular cambium from a rectangular window 4 cm high and spanning half the circumference.
Both these studies showed that when tumor vessel contact was less than half the circumference of the vessel, the likelihood of tumor resectability was high (Fig. 7), whereas if it exceeded half the circumference, there was a high probability (80%) of unresectability (Fig. 8).
The Nine Chapters also provides the correct formula for the area of the circle—"multiplying half the diameter and half the circumference, one gets the area"—which Liu Hui proved.
The handle of the device, which is powered by a single AA battery, has about twice the circumference of a typical razor handle yet half the circumference of a typical hair trimmer.
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Tumors contacting more than one-half the circumference of the vessel are nearly always unresectable.
Involvement of vessel in a tumor that exceeds one-half the circumference of the vessel is highly specific for unresectable tumor, both for arteries and veins.
In our first case, blunt trauma to the abdomen resulted in perforation of approximately half of the circumference of the duodenum (grade III injury).
A 10 15-mm 10 15-mmeotome is then used to create a complete division of the lateral half of the circumference of the femur before the blade is advanced across the diameter of the bone (Fig. 4).
The cuff bladder will cover at least two-thirds of the upper right arm and at least half of the circumference.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com