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All OTC formulations tested had surface tensions at the surface-to-air interface less than that of deionized water.
For ophthalmic formulations, solutions indicated for treatment of red eye had surface tensions less than that of tears, presumably to allow for greater spreading.
Nasal formulations had surface tensions below that of the normal mucosal lining fluid with a range of 30.3 44.9 dynes/cm.
Ophthalmic OTC formulations had the largest range of surface tensions at the surface-to-air interface of 34.3 70.9 dynes/cm; however, all formulations indicated for treatment of dry eye had surface tensions higher than that of normal tears, while those for treatment of red eye had surface tensions below.
Ophthalmic solutions that were indicated for treatment of dry eye had surface tensions greater than that of tears, most likely to increase the stability of the tear film and thus allow for greater lubrication of the eye.
All ten of the oral OTC formulations examined had surface tensions at the surface-to-air interface greater than the surface tension of the GI fluids at the fed state, and with one exception, above the fasting state (Table 1).
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For nasal formulations, all solutions had surface tension beneath the mucosal lining fluids.
DEPN-8 (0.5 mg/ml)+1.5% Mini-B had surface tension lowering ability similar to the active bovine surfactant extract CLSE (0.5 mg/ml) on the pulsating bubble, reaching minimum surface tensions of <1 mN/m at 10 min of bubble pulsation (20 cycles/min, 37°C, 50% area compression).
Most of the knowledge of the detailed structure of the interface between a metal and an electrolyte arises from experimentation with mercury, the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures; the double layer structure turns out to have surface tensions that must be measured, and this measurement is difficult with solid metals.
These have surface tensions of 63.4, 40.1, and 44.0 dynes/cm, [11] respectively, which partially explains the lowered surface tensions.
All ophthalmic OTCs tested that are indicated for dry eye have surface tensions at the surface-to-air interface above the value for tears.
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