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The public was crushed by this announcement, because the sense of unlimited freedom and potential for self-reinvention that the frontier had long conferred on the American people would now have to be replaced by things far less romantic, like trains, planes, money or alcohol.
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All along, he has counted on what he deemed an American birthright: four-wheeled mobility, and the mythic freedoms it has long conferred.
Hem lengths of lab coats have long conferred status at the hospital, distinguishing medical students (who wear them at the hip) from physicians (who wear them just above the knee).
Fortune has long conferred fame.
So geneticists had long argued that it must confer a selective advantage.
The His274→Tyr274 (H274Y) mutation confers oseltamivir resistance on N1 influenza neuraminidase but had long been thought to compromise viral fitness.
The induced expression of such DNA repair pathways has long been thought to confer protection against both the killing and mutagenic effects of DNA damage [11].
Phenotypic plasticity, in which individuals perform generally well in many environments as opposed to especially well in a local environment, has long been hypothesized to confer weediness (Baker 1974) and more recently invasiveness (Daehler 2003).
Selective effect of quercetin and ultrasound on skin cancer cells was accompanied by an effect on the inducible form of hsp70 (hsp72), which has long been known to confer protection to cells under severe stress (Kiang and Tsokos, 1998) and has been identified as a target of quercetin (Hansen et al, 1997).
Additionally, heterokaryosis in N. crassa (Davis 1960) and Penicillium cyclopium (Jinks 1952) has long been known to confer phenotypic plasticity that enables the fungus to respond to changes in environmental conditions by changes in the ratios of the constituent nuclei, but how this happens is still not understood.
It has long been debated whether fluting conferred any adaptive benefit.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com