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Worry in predominantly verbal form then develops, influenced by conscious processes such as attempts to resolve the perceived threat and the redirection of attentional control resources to worry content, as well as the continuing influence of habitual processing biases.
Studies on the mPFC have been critical in showing that the impact of stress on one brain region can spread to other areas that are synaptically linked [ 200] involving, e.g., the corticostriatal network and indeed stress shifts decision-making to more habitual processing [ 50].
This study suggests that state factors that promote an analytical mode of information processing may lead to reduced memory specificity in the recovery phase in a sub-set of formerly depressed patients those who have high trait tendencies towards analytical rumination and in whom specific contextual factors are therefore able to reinstate this habitual processing style.
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One would expect potentially beneficial effects of distraction tasks to be short-lived and that individuals would revert to habitual, maladaptive processing styles, whereas an experiential mode may provide a beneficial form of self-focus.
Negative intrusive thoughts then develop into worry episodes due to the continuing influence of habitual emotional processing biases, together with the capture of attentional control resources by threatening content.
It is very difficult for individuals to process large volumes of incoming information comprehensively, so theories of managerial cognition (Stubbart 1989) suggest that managers utilize habitual ways of organizing and processing information to adjust to these complex information processing demands.
However, once a threatening thought has entered awareness it is subject to both habitual (automatic) and intentional (controlled) processing – for example, we may try to focus on the content of a negative thought or we may try to ignore it and redirect our attention elsewhere.
20 21 Furthermore, cognitive interference in processing incongruent information preventing habitual or automatic responses was assessed with the Stroop test (ST).
The Reflective Impulsive Model proposes that the impulsive processing system (which generates habitual behaviour) is constantly active, but reflective system activity depends on cognitive capacity (Strack & Deutsch, 2004).
The present study adopts Reid (1995) general definition of learning styles as 'an individual's natural, habitual and preferred way(s) of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills' (Reid 1995: viii).
Furthermore, altered emotion processing may be reflected in habitual tendencies to suppress emotional expressions together with impaired cognitive elaboration of emotional conflicts ([ 31], see also [ 28, 32– 32]).
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