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Old-growth forests provided three times higher carbon storage, nine times higher wood volume, and eighteen times higher canopy habitat services than recovering forests.
The selected indicators portray the study area mainly as a provider of regulating, cultural and habitat services and less of provisioning services, which can be related with military and nature protection restrictions on the use of provisioning ES.
The highest mean join probability is that observed for the common supply of production and habitat services (30%), highlighting the occurrence of hotspots of services provision with possible conflicts due to the on-going intensification of agricultural management.
If a 'Renaturing of Cities' strategy is to maximise the ecosystem service provision of urban green infrastructure (UGI), then detailed consideration of a habitat services, biodiversity-led approach and multifunctionality are necessary rather than relying on the assumed benefits of UGI per se.
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The body of this paper addresses two categories of ecosystem service provided by Phragmites: non-habitat services, and habitat functions or biodiversity support.
Abundance of predators or pathogens in the habitats (Service, 1977) constrains the development of adults from larval habitats.
This paper shows that Phragmites-dominated vegetation provides important non-habitat ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration, water quality maintenance) in proportion to its biomass, and many habitat functions for other organisms that vary depending on characteristics of the vegetation and surrounding landscape.
These non-habitat ecosystem services are proportional to biomass and productivity.
Non-habitat ecosystem services (i.e. services other than biodiversity support) provided by Phragmites are listed in Table 1.
Most of the knowledge of non-habitat ecosystem services is based on studies of P. australis haplotype M (an Old World haplotype).
and services (habitat, etc)., including ecological services necessary to human life and biodiversity.
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