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Thus, maintenance of influenza vaccine HA activity had a greater impact on microneedle vaccination in the skin.
All of them had hemagglutination (HA) activity, and the HA titers ranged from 128 256.
Although this could indicate co-evolution at sites within the HA, again this could be to restore HA activity levels to match those of the NA.
The mutant IC-D67G was distinct from other HA-deficient TBEV strains since there was no obvious correlation between loss of HA activity and significantly reduced growth in mammalian cells.
The hemagglutination (HA) activity of other A(H3N2) strains is generally sensitive to the action of the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, which indicates that the neuraminidase and not the hemagglutinin is responsible for the HA activity.
After five days, residual virus replication was assessed by measuring HA activity in the culture supernatants.
These results indicate the importance of maintaining influenza vaccine HA activity in inducing protective immunity.
Coating microneedles with inactivated influenza virus caused loss of HA activity of the vaccine whereas addition of trehalose to the coating buffer significantly improved the maintenance of HA activity.
Both H3N2 and H5N1 viruses of same amount as VLPs were at similar titers (27) of HA activity.
Thus, we concluded that this weak HA activity was a non-specific artifact of using highly concentrated virus.
Thus, the lack of HA activity for APMV-5 cannot be ascribed to an obvious difference in HN structure.
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