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On the other hand, there could be "brain and gut interactions" that are not yet understood.
We addressed this important question using the pig as a model to evaluate the impact of early-life environment on microbe/host gut interactions during development.
Because Bt toxins and insect gut interactions are determined by many gene products in the insect gut, including many proteins/enzymes involved in Bt protoxin activation, toxin binding to receptors and toxin degradation, any change in these systems has the potential to affect a particular Bt's specificity and efficacy, and could lead to Bt resistance in insects.
In mice, the anorexigenic effect of peripheral LPS is attenuated by vagotomy [ 19] suggesting a brain-gut interaction.
As our knowledge of the brain-gut interaction has grown, researchers and physicians have utilized the mind-body techniques as effective therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
His area of interest is GI motility, functional bowel disorders and brain-gut interactions.
Ma, E. L. et al. Bidirectional brain-gut interactions and chronic pathological changes after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Current hypotheses include altered gastrointestinal motility [ 8], brain-gut-interactions [ 9] and visceral hypersensitivity [ 8].
The weakness of the muscle strip method, however, is the inability to examine complex interactions including brain-gut interactions or organ specific neural reflexes.
Several mechanisms such as visceral hypersensitivity and altered brain-gut interactions have been postulated to play an etiological role in dyspepsia (reviewed in [ 8, 9]).
Future research is needed to gain an understanding of the complex brain-gut interactions, involving both endocrine pathways and intestinal microbiota.
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