While our current model is purely bottom-up, top-down predictions play a significant role in guiding speech perception (Arnal and Giraud, 2012; Gagnepain et al., 2012; Poeppel et al., 2008) presumably across different frequency channels and processing timescales (Wang, 2010; Bastos et al., 2012; Fontolan et al., 2014).
Of course, feeling is not enough; feeling must guide speech and action.
Such a mechanism would be somewhat reminiscent of what is thought to happen in human infants, who may use the acquired phonological categories of the language to which they are exposed to guide speech development [53].
One suggestion is that complex acoustic-phonetic information is mapped onto abstract phonological representations of speech and that a finite set of phonological features is used to guide speech perception.
We propose that somatomotor representations combine in a top-down fashion (Davis and Johnsrude 2007; Osnes et al. 2011) with auditory representations in order to guide speech perception; perhaps through efferent copy mechanisms similar to those proposed in neural models of speech production (Guenther et al. 2006; Hickok et al. 2011).
Our objective was to study the effects of guided rhythmic speech with poetry, referred to as anthroposophical therapeutic speech (ATS), on binary differential heart rate dynamics (also called musical heart rate rhythmicity or HRR) as well as on classical spectral parameters during the 15 min after a speech exercise had ended.
While parsing is presumably modulated in a top-down way, by knowing a priori through developmental learning (Ngon et al., 2013) where linguistic boundaries should lie, it is likely largely guided by speech acoustic dynamics.
The artwork in Founders Hall consists of copies of portraits of the Founding Fathers placed along a staircase, leading to a picture of Patrick Henry at the second Virginia convention which features a light from heaven guiding Henry's speech.
She names five guiding principles: Freedom of speech; multi-lateral governance with transparency; the principle of universality and non-discrimination; cultural diversity without imposing values; and network neutrality.
The First Amendment, says Roberts, "embodies our choice as a Nation that, when it comes to … speech, the guiding principle is freedom the 'unfettered interchange of ideas' — not whatever the State may view as fair".
The First Amendment embodies our choice as a Nation that, when it comes to such speech, the guiding principle is freedom — the 'unfettered interchange of ideas.' " The Roberts Court, it appears, will guarantee moneyed interests the freedom to raise and spend any amount, from any source, at any time, in order to win elections.
