However, in situations of high ambiguous uncertainty, a broader and more inclusive reflection on the guiding norms may become vital for the acceptability and overall success of the innovation.
Politicians are more likely to see their role as one of leading the people and propose legislation in accordance with these guiding norms, and with social science emanating from expert commissions.
Global bioethics and global (public) health have deliberately encouraged pluralistic debate of pertinent topics using a global forum in order to establish universally guiding norms (9– 11).
Relatedly and significantly, there is an absence of universal and enforceable guiding norms that can facilitate an internationally collaborative "harmonizing global science" (Leshner and Turekian 2009) and responsible research conduct.
Instead, it has divided into contagion theory (whereby crowds cause people to act in a certain way), convergence theory (where crowds amount to a convergence of already like-minded individuals) and emergent norm theory (where crowd behaviour reflects the desires of participants, but it is also guided by norms that emerge as the situation unfolds).
Furthermore, the interaction in VCEs is at least partially supported by technology and guided by norms [5].
Instead, Nichols assumes that normal people have a generic capacity to be guided by norms or rules of various kinds, and certain non-moral emotional dispositions, such as the disposition to have an aversive response to suffering in others.
Such a conception of technê as skill guided by norms or rules anticipates Ryle's identity of know-how with a disposition whose "exercises are observances of rules or canons or the application of criteria" (Ryle 1949, 47).
However, many of the instances of thoughtful articulation and aesthetic expressiveness that are being identified and explored as instances of philosophizing were neither produced nor guided by norms and agendas of the discipline of academic philosophy as institutionalized for centuries in various countries of Western European and North America.
This pristine image of science is based on the theory that the scientific community is guided by norms including disinterestedness and organized scepticism, which are incompatible with misconduct [8], [9].
