This behavior has generally been interpreted as a guarding tactic designed to reduce the likelihood that a rival male can rapidly displace the ejaculate of the guarding male [1, 2].
Seen against this bleak background, then, Obama's State of the Union address was a masterly exercise in rear-guard tactics disguised as visionary optimism.
In 2008 he and other villagers switched to guerrilla tactics, guarding the main road and seeking "pollution fees" from lorries.
Michele Shambrook, operations manager for Consumer Direct, said: "Mobility aids like these can provide welcome independence and relief to the sick, elderly and disabled, but prospective buyers need to guard against the tactics of some rogue operators".
The board of Cracker Barrel said it had implemented the poison pill "to assure that all of Cracker Barrel's shareholders receive fair and equal treatment in the event of any proposed takeover of the company and to guard against abusive tactics to gain control of Cracker Barrel without paying all shareholders a premium for that control".
For example, horned and hornless male beetles produced as a result of nutritional plasticity have different reproductive tactics (guarding vs sneaking access to females in nests [ Moczek and Emlen, 2000]).
These are not new tactics and they should be guarded against as a very basic precaution.
These tactics are among each nation's most closely guarded secrets and have never been used in anger, so that all knowledge of them is theoretical, based on mathematical computations, computer simulations, and constrained exercises at sea.
The inspectors, frustrated by his salami tactics, sometimes engineer larger incidents to put Mr Hussein's bad intentions to the test.The blocked team, designed to flush out Iraq's most closely guarded secrets, calls for men with special skills.
As the American Express report put it, companies need to re-examine cost control tactics to guard against the expected "significant rate increases" next year.
Evaluating one's ability to sustain a highly functioning relational brain, guarding against manipulative survival tactics, is paramount for executive leaders.
