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Because the Westat survey did not use the kind of in-depth interviewing over a long period that Drs. Wright and Huston performed, "we have to be a little more guarded about the inferences made," said Dr. Nicholas Zill, vice president and director of child and family studies for Westat.
To help address this limitation, we performed a sensitivity analysis, which demonstrated a high level of accuracy even when we increased the assumption of missed cases, but inferences based on these values should be guarded.
In species that are shown by COI barcodes to be comprised of several divergent monophyletic lineages that might flag unrecognized species, it is important to test these splits with multiple independent gene trees in a coalescent framework to guard against the alternative inference of population subdivision via restricted female dispersal.
Guarded, controlled".
Closely guarded?
Our (guarded) answer is Yes.
These findings also are in agreement with results in other studies which have taken advantage of opportunities to implement analytical procedures which guard against threats to valid causal inference, and particularly so the Vigdor et al. (2014) study.
Several different analytical approaches have recently been developed to strengthen causal inference from observational data by guarding against different categories of threats to valid conclusions, such as reverse causality and bias due to omitted variables, self-selection, and errors of measurement (Angrist and Pischke 2009; Winship and Morgan 1999).
GEE models for time-varying predictors (air pollutants) were best fit with an autoregressive-1 working correlation matrix; however, final inference used the sandwich estimator to guard against misspecification of the assumed covariance structure.
To guard against possible misspecification of the model covariance structures influencing inferences, variance estimation was performed using Morel's robust variance estimator [ 40].
It is particularly useful for an exploratory analysis concerned with making general inferences from among a set of 'discoveries', rather than guarding against one or more individual false positives.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com