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And guarantees of lifetime employment evaporated with the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s.
When this country had Asia's hottest economy, fast-growing companies could afford to buy employee loyalty with guarantees of lifetime jobs, and a sense of belonging at a company that treated workers like extended family.
In return for substantial bonuses and guarantees of lifetime employment, "Big Six" agreed, finally, to let the newspapers bring computers and electronic typesetting into composing rooms, which were still being run much as they had been for 90 years, with clanking machines that cast type in hot lead, one line at a time.
When they finish their degrees, today's computer students will probably prosper initially, but with no guarantees of lifetime employment.
In Japan and many European countries with low fertility rates, government policies and cultural pressures on businesses make it difficult and expensive to lay off workers, instead promoting virtual guarantees of lifetime employment and early retirement.
Yes, we are likely far better off in this country where we have competition for jobs and there are no guarantees of lifetime employment simply because you show up every day.
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Ending bureaucrats' near-guarantee of lifetime employment is one.
Gone is the fabled "iron rice bowl," Mao's guarantee of lifetime employment for the proletariat.
That is still very high by international standards, but reduced union power (and unions' increasing acceptance of layoffs) has helped put an end both to workers' guarantee of lifetime employment and to many of the company benefits they once enjoyed.
A common strategy is to start at a Japanese firm, move on to a foreign firm and then return to a Japanese firm in a more senior position.Signs of movementA greater willingness to switch jobs also reflects declining confidence in the guarantee of lifetime employment, says Sakie Fukushima of Korn/Ferry, an executive-search firm.
More automated ports, such as Rotterdam and Singapore, can handle up to five times as much cargo per square foot as the Long Beach-Los Angeles complex.The union has accepted that at least 400 maritime-clerk jobs will go, although it has extracted a guarantee of lifetime employment for all the 1,600 current clerks.
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