It is clear that these stepped structures are nucleated at or just above the interface with the SrTiO3 and then grow stepwise upwards until they intersect another stepped boundary nucleated elsewhere at the substrate-film interface, creating a pyramidal structure.
When the interaction of the adsorbate atoms with the substrate is less favorable than the bulk interaction of the adsorbate, clusters are found that grow stepwise over the level of the surface.
Encoding molecules can be grown stepwise as a polymer to be sequenced, such as polypeptides and polynucleotides, or distinct encoding tags can be separately installed, such as electrophoric tags, alkylamines, or differential mass tags.
Freshly grown crystals were passed stepwise through a cryoprotectant solution containing 20% PEG 3350, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 10% (w/v) trehalose, 5% (w/v) sucrose, 5% (w/v) mannitol, 10 mM cofactor, and 5 10 mM l-Arg for 4 6 h at 4 °C before being flash-cooled with liquid nitrogen.
Forward stepwise regression performs slightly worse than the penalized methods, probably due to the fact that it is greedy, making poorer decisions in variable selection as the model grows larger.
Using canonical description along with a specific way of growing the sub-graphs (a stepwise extension restricted to connected sub-graphs) provides a powerful technique to avoid redundant search, which is a core problem in sub-graph matching [11].
However, the only feed profiles that are currently used to grow microalgae are those with stepwise increasing or decreasing feed rates (for example, Chlorella, Crypthecodinium, Galdieria and Nitzschia by Wu and Shi (2007), de Swaaf et al. (2003b), Graverholt and Eriksen (2007) and Wen and Chen (2002), respectively).
The stepwise cost decrease with growing experience can be complemented by cost savings by simultaneous orders of equipment or by replication if several plants of the same design are erected in the so-called convoy mode.
It was found that under kinetic limitations it is possible to fully cover graphene with a bilayer Dy film, by growing well below room temperature in stepwise deposition experiments.
