Encoding molecules can be grown stepwise as a polymer to be sequenced, such as polypeptides and polynucleotides, or distinct encoding tags can be separately installed, such as electrophoric tags, alkylamines, or differential mass tags.
For any step-graded structure, multiple values of h c are calculated for each interlayer and upper epilayer grown stepwise on GaN substrate as shown in Fig. 2b.
Experiments on the biosynthesis of proteins from amino acids containing radioactive carbon or heavy hydrogen reveal that the protein molecule grows stepwise from the N terminus to the C terminus; in each step a single amino acid residue is incorporated.
When the interaction of the adsorbate atoms with the substrate is less favorable than the bulk interaction of the adsorbate, clusters are found that grow stepwise over the level of the surface.
It is clear that these stepped structures are nucleated at or just above the interface with the SrTiO3 and then grow stepwise upwards until they intersect another stepped boundary nucleated elsewhere at the substrate-film interface, creating a pyramidal structure.
Within this organic cylinder that enfolds the growing spicule, the siliceous mantel grows stepwise, by appositional layering of lamellae.
Freshly grown crystals were passed stepwise through a cryoprotectant solution containing 20% PEG 3350, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 10% (w/v) trehalose, 5% (w/v) sucrose, 5% (w/v) mannitol, 10 mM cofactor, and 5 10 mM l-Arg for 4 6 h at 4 °C before being flash-cooled with liquid nitrogen.
For the experiment with stepwise osmotic stress conditions, cells were grown until late exponential phase and then salt-stressed with NaCl added in 2, 5 or 10 steps until a final concentration of 1 M for 24 h at 40 °C.
Cells grown under non-permissive conditions showed an expected stepwise decrease in cell proliferation with decreasing FBS concentration, indicating normal cell cycle control and regulation of proliferation in response to the reduction of growth factors.
For stepwise construction of the isobutanol pathway, the cultures were grown in 20-mL media CGIII (Menkel et al. 1989), but with 40 g/L glucose in a 250-mL screw-cap shake flask.
Instead, we considered only wings that had actively growing feathers, and counted the number of specimens that had two or more growing feathers that were separated by fully grown feathers, a much more conservative, but completely reliable method of assessing the frequency of stepwise flight feather replacement.
