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Within the groups, competition ebbs and flows with bouts of calm swimming, followed by intense, physical battles, as males vie for dominance that presumably assures mating access.
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While these games create opportunities for individuals to free ride, thus leading to the tragedy of the commons[76], competitive crowdsourcing has the added dimension of inter-group competition [77] [79].
Number of adult females in the group as a measure of female female within-group competition for resources (Isbell 1991) on one hand and of competitive ability during between-group competition on the other.
By exploiting high-quality, patchily distributed, temporally variable food resources, they may experience within-group scramble competition [Snaith & Chapman, 2005] as well as within- and between-group contest competition [Koenig, 2002].
In this age group, competition can be fierce — among parents.
The 1996 Olympics was the first to include group competition.
We associate this response to a reducible group competition between NO2 and CHO or CHCH2.
This paper presents a means of fostering efficient coordination in minimum effort coordination games, inter-group competition.
But for some reason, with the brilliant sun shining and gentle group competition, I didn't hesitate.
The modifications explicitly emphasize a functional group approach, highlighting the effects of species interactions that include competition between species within a group, competition between groups, and predation.
Between- and within-group competition among individuals of the same sex is the likely cause of such violence.
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