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Table 1 Mean number of years (and standard errors) of refereeing experience and experience at professional level for the elite and sub-elite group of referees Group Refereeing experience Experience at professional level Elite 16.3 (1.3) 9.3 (1.2) Sub-elite 12.1 (1.3) -.
Fig. 3 Average total fixation times (and standard errors) in each area of interest across the open play situations for the elite and sub-elite group of referees.
Fig. 4 Average total fixation times (and standard errors) in each area of interest across the corner kick situations for the elite and sub-elite group of referees.
In line with previous research (Catteeuw et al., 2009; Hancock & Ste-Marie, 2013), we hypothesized that the elite group of referees would outperform the sub-elite group of referees with respect to the accuracy scores for the assessment of both types of situations.
Table 3 Mean number of fixations (and standard errors) and mean fixation durations (and standard errors) for the elite and sub-elite group of referees Open play Corner kick Elite Sub-elite Elite Sub-elite Number of fixations 16.9 (0.6) 17.2 (0.6) 19.1 (0.5) 19.6 (0.6) Mean fixation duration (s) 0.40 (0.40) 0.40 (0.40) 0.40 (0.40) 0.40 (0.40).
We were mainly interested in the visual search strategies that were adopted by both groups of referees in an effort to identify the mediating mechanisms underlying the superior performance of the elite group of referees over the sub-elite group (Williams & Ericsson, 2005).
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It was concluded that more accurate decisions within expert groups of referees are attributed to how information is interpreted (categorization: "seeing as") rather than how it is gathered by the visual system (perception: "seeing").
Given the association between the location of visual fixations and decision-making skills in various sports and the fact that the fixation locations have never been investigated during a foul play assessment task, we did expect differences between both groups of referees for fixation location.
"I share the view of one former top referee [Graham Poll] that the current group of professional referees is the worst that we have seen.
'Fifa have got to be looking to pick the best and then get them meeting more often.' Don, manager of the Premiership's elite group of 24 referees, was the last English official to make it beyond the group stages, refereeing the 1994 quarter-final between Sweden and Romania and acting as fourth man for the Italy v Bulgaria semi.
For the determination of the technical decision in corner kick situations, the accuracy scores of the group of elite referees (M = 69.5%, SE = 2.85) were significantly higher compared with the group of sub-elite referees (M = 56.8%, SE = 2.42).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com