Codes were classified into an exclusive, descending hierarchy of four groups comprising: maltreatment syndrome, assault, undetermined intent and codes reflecting adverse social circumstances (Additional file 1: Table S1) [ 12].
Regarding the external locus, the two highest association coefficients were found for the maltreatment group with insecure attachment in both age groups, these being 0.51 for the 5 9 years age group and 0.56 for the 10 14 years age group (Fig. 1).
In the presence of a significant interaction between maltreatment group and CpG site, we conducted planned independent samples t tests to examine group differences at each CpG site.
Parents of 2 participants (1 in each maltreatment group) did not complete the survey.
Post hoc tests for each maltreatment group again showed that when CEA was low, the S′S′ genotype had significantly lower scores than the L′L′ (P = 0.02); no other significant differences were found.
Next, we tested our a priori hypothesis by conducting a 2 (maltreatment group; between subjects) × 13 (CpG site; within subjects) mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the relation between child maltreatment and the average percentage methylation across two replications of bisulfite pyrosequencing of each of 13 CpG sites in exon 1F of the NR3C1 promoter.
The y-axis presents the percentage of participants with medical illnesses by the different types of childhood maltreatment groups (child abuse, child neglect and any type of childhood maltreatment) for bipolar cases and controls.
We conducted independent sample t tests and Pearson chi-square tests to determine if maltreatment groups differed in age, sex, race or ethnicity, and SES.
Univariate analyses of variance and chi-square analyses confirmed no significant differences at baseline between the IPT and the ECS groups on child maltreatment cutoff score and on mean rate of trauma experiences among the mothers.
In a study published last year in the journal Child Maltreatment, a group of sociologists found that 35percentt of children had been "hit or attacked" by a sibling in the previous year.
