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The ice near to their grounding lines - the places where the ice streams lift up off the land and begin to float out over the ocean - is now thinning by between four and eight metres per year.
"These include: radio-echo sounding data from airborne and ground based sources, seismic surveys, swath and gridded bathymetric data, satellite elevation data, pre-gridded elevation datasets, contour data from rock outcrops, glacier profiles, grounding lines and visual interpretation of the ice sheet-ice shelf interface.
We hypothesise that there is a persistent supply of mCDW and associated ocean heat flux to this region of the continental shelf that is capable of migrating to the grounding lines of the nearby Totten Glacier and Moscow University Ice Shelf.
For glaciers on the Amundsen Sea that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, their grounding lines are steadily progressing inland.
Khazendar's study, which was published Oct. 25, 2016, in the journal Nature Communications, revealed dramatic losses of ice from the ocean sides of the glaciers' grounding lines.
From the point where these glaciers' grounding lines are now, the seafloor actually slopes downward as you move up the glacier.
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The Thwaites glacier saw its grounding line retreat 14km over the same period.That matters, because once a grounding line starts to retreat, it tends to keep going.
A glacier mostly melts beyond its grounding line, where the ice floats on the ocean.
The grounding line in this area was not mapped in the new study because of a lack of data.
It found that the grounding line of the Pine Island glacier had retreated by 31km between 1992 and 2011.
These alterations have affected the grounding line, where grounded glaciers lift off their beds to form ice shelves or floating glacier tongues.
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