A novel monopod controller immune to ground energy dissipation is developed, which does not require knowledge of ground parameters.
The ground parameters can be adjusted in the context of a state estimator that integrates ground voltages and currents.
(3) The principles of division (rules) governing assignment into the classes must be based on suitable indicators (ground parameters, etc).
An assessment is made of the errors associated to assuming constant or frequency-dependent ground parameters in the calculation of the ground-return impedance and the ground admittance correction in the case of a poorly conducting ground.
This paper investigates the effect of frequency-dependent ground parameters on the simulation of electromagnetic transients on overhead power distribution lines using a modal-domain based transmission line model available in popular electromagnetic transient programs.
The modal nature of propagation in the ground for a chosen set of ground parameters is discussed and the results of the model are presented showing the characteristics of the vibration generated by a constant load and an oscillatory load at speeds below, near to, and above the lowest ground wave speed.
The results indicate that the consideration of frequency-dependent ground parameters can be relevant in the simulation of high-frequency transients on transmissions lines if the ground is a poor conductor, although the presence of line branches is likely to minimize the observed effects.
It is also shown that the importance of considering or neglecting frequency-dependent ground parameters on lightning overvoltages transferred to the secondary side of the transformer is minimized by the installation of a medium-voltage surge arrester at its primary side.
Open image in new window Fig. 12 Ground parameters calibration: a Calibration model.
The received amplitude and its polarity are strongly dependent on a number of parameters; in particular, the path length, the position of the disturbance relative to the receiver, ionospheric ground parameters, and the transmitter frequency (Marshall and Inan, 2010).
This representation is elaborated by sensory inputs and is based on kinematic (segmental organization, whole body acceleration, and body orientation relative to earth gravity) and kinetic (joint torques and forces efforts between the plantar cutaneous surface and the ground) parameters [ 3].
