There was a middle ground between cyber defense and offense, where intelligence tools were ultimately designed to keep the public safe, Rosen added.
If we decide we can't live with the secrecy, we yield the ground of cyber warfare superiority to another country who can live with (or impose) the secrecy.
It is therefore fertile ground for cyber-politics.
On the geopolitical stage, Russian hackers have been busy: Their targets have included Estonia (using overwhelming denial-of-service attacks), Georgia (supporting ground operations with cyber operations), Germany (achieving unauthorized access to servers in the legislature), and the United States (stealing data from the Democratic National Committee and emails from John Podesta).
"We see this approach thriving at F-Secure, and we look forward to working together so that we can break new ground in the cyber security industry".
The Georgia campaign was "one of the first times you've seen conventional ground operations married with cyber activity," Sulmeyer said.
As Britain's parliament heard last week, protecting the data links connecting ground and aircraft from cyber hackers is a "conundrum for the future".How realistic is it for computer hackers to interfere with aircraft while they are in the air, a phenomenon known as cyberjacking?
Best Buy has hit the ground running with its Cyber Monday sale this year.
"Freedom has prevailed," tweeted comedian Seth Rogen on Tuesday, celebrating the latest twist in the saga of "The Interview" -- the Hollywood movie that became ground zero in the extortionate cyber attack that U.S. authorities are now blaming on North Korea.
So the growing possibility that GPS satellites might be destroyed in wartime, or their relatively weak signals degraded by jamming, or their ground control stations impaired by cyber attacks, has consequences stretching far beyond the military realm.
It may sound like a scene from a zombie apocalypse movie or the first episode of NBC's popular new show "Revolution," but it could be your life -- a nationwide cyber-version of Ground Zero.
