Sentence examples for ground competition from inspiring English sources

This finding can be supported by the Harrington et al. (2003) who initiated a research to determine the separate effects of above and below ground competition and needlefall from overstorey pines on below canopy plant performance and found that depending on species the effects of needle fall were positive, negative, or negligible.

In a previous study (Coomes and Allen [2007]) and (Seifert et al. [2011]) used local basal area to describe crowding as a surrogate for below ground competition because a) it also includes the trees that are smaller than the reference tree and b) the circle of influence is not too big, so that close neighbours exert the crowding effect.

If seeds only fell straight to the ground, competition among the concentrated saplings and the shade of the parent would likely prevent it from flourishing.

The most competitive genotypes decreased the yield of focal plants only when below-ground competition was permitted, indicating that below-ground competition may be more important than above-ground competition in arabidopsis when securing resources for seed production (Fig.  6; Supplementary Data Table S3).

Officials at the Democratic National Committee declined to comment about the overall on-the-ground competition between the two parties.

A proxy of above- and below-ground competition (roots, light, etc).

This result suggests that, as expected, black beech growth depends also on resource availability as an effect of above- and below-ground competition.

By similar reasoning, basal areas of all neighbouring trees can be used as proxy of above- and below-ground competition (competition for nutrients/water and competition for light).

Additional to considerations of above- and below-ground competition effects the inclusion of the spatial symmetry of competition might be desirable ((Pretzsch [1992]); (Seifert [2003])).

Demographic trends were related to changes in grassland composition, structure and management and responses to increased above-ground competition (caused by reduced grazing) were simulated in a 10-year shading experiment.

Sole maize was also grown under spectrally neutral shade netting which reduced incident radiation by 25, 50 or 75% to establish the relative importance of shade and below-ground competition for water and nutrients in determining the performance of understorey crops.