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Remote sensing and simulation modeling require rapid ground truthing with one of the ground based methods.
These are aerial and ground based methods that can generate high resolution point clouds of coarse and fine grain respectively.
Ground based methods, as electrical tomography, proved to obtain considerable resolution but they are difficult to extend to wider exploration purposes due to their logistical limitation.
At the same time, Global Navigation Satellites System (GNSS), originally designed for land, maritime and air applications, has been successfully used as navigation system in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and its further utilization for navigation of geosynchronous satellites becomes a viable alternative offering many advantages over present ground based methods.
The combined use of GB-InSAR, TLS and IRT ground based methods, was applied for the surveying, monitoring and characterization of rock slides, unstable cliffs and translational slides.
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Typically in the literature, ionospheric disturbances are investigated with gradient based methods on Total Electron Content (TEC) data estimated from ground based dual frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.
In cooperation with professionals and youths, Wolf (2012) developed Houvast (Dutch for 'grip'): a strengths based method grounded in scientific and practice evidence.
In the time-histories based method, a suitable set of ground motions should be selected and scaled or modified to obtain records that match the design spectrum.
Compared with both Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) and ground based GNSS Integrity Channel GICC) methods which are widely adopted nowadays, the Satellite Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (SAIM) method can be used to monitor orbit/ephemeris and clock errors, and has advantages in monitoring orbit and clock quality and providing instantaneous responses when faults happen.
This was a result of increased focus on environmental issues and difficulty reaching second growth timber on steep slopes using conventional ground based logging methods (Gochenour et al., 1978).
Ground-based methods for estimating forest productivity and carbon fluxes are often based on stem diameter and respiration measurements (stem, leaves and soil), mortality and litter fall (Malhi et al. 2009).
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