Posing three hypothetical examples, the report noted that while the gross values of various derivatives totaled $41, the same trades dropped to $17 after netting, as is allowed in the United States.
They are phony not because the sales did not occur, but because nearly all the energy traders book their deals at their gross values.
The companies and their defenders on Wall Street will argue that there was no real deception because costs were also booked at gross values, hence the bottom line profits were no different than they might have been.
The indicators used in this evaluation have different characteristics and units, and transformation functions should be used to standardize the gross values of each indicator, transforming them into commensurable risk factors, taking a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined by OECD as an aggregate measure of production that is equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs).
As such databases are now developed, one is able to revisit many of the assessments heretofore made using gross values of exports and imports.
