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% of value added in tradable sectors Eurostat Gross value added in agriculture and manufacturing over total gross value added.
Oxfordshire's gross value added (GVA) grew by 23% since 2008, compared to 13% for Cambridgeshire.
Output per person in terms of gross value added is £22,092, compared with £42,666 in London.
In the more instructive measure of gross value added per hour worked in the market sector, annual growth reached 2.4%.
It was notable that productivity in manufacturing jumped 8 percent over 2011, measured by gross value added.
By 2013 the region's gross value added (GVA), a measure of output, languished 13% below the pre-crisis peak.
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In finance, however, a lot of the gross value-added comes from making loans.
Most of Britain's main city economies lag behind their foreign counterparts and even the national average gross value-added (a measure of income).
Combine the gross value-added figure with the declining share of resources, and you might assume finance has enjoyed a productivity miracle over the past 20 years.
In gross-value-added terms, its economy has tumbled 5.8% since 2007, compared with an average fall of 7.4% across Britain.
The standard measure is gross value-added the output of an industry minus the costs of production.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com