Estimations of cumulative carbon emission caused by land-use change varied greatly among the models, suggesting scientific issues in implementing land-use change processes in the ESMs (e.g., some models considered both crop and pasture areas, whereas others treated only cropland; some models used information on gross land-use transitions, whereas others used net transitions).
Soil estimates are not included in the present study because only areas of net land-use change, not gross land-use change, are available.
Typically deckhands are paid about 10% of the gross landed value, depending on their skill and how many deckhands are on the vessel.
The CREA report (1997) found that the material costs amounted to about 24% of the landed value of rock lobster, while Morrow (1991) put the material costs at about 31% of gross landed value.
He traces the connections between the US South and the plantation zones of Mexico, places that suffered parallel problems of environmental decline, rural poverty, and gross inequities in land tenure.
The ruling is part of a far broader effort by the South African government to reverse the gross disparities of land ownership under the old apartheid system that relegated blacks to so-called colored reserves and homelands and barred them from owning property.
For more than half a century, Colombian governments have fought largely peasant armies of leftist guerrillas, who claimed they were fighting to eliminate gross inequalities in land distribution and elsewhere in the economy.
This is because some models use net changes and others gross changes of land-use type in the calculation of the carbon budget.
Therefore, the gross gain for each land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) category is computed by subtracting the persistence from the column total, while the gross loss is derived by subtracting the persistence from the row total (Pontius Jr and Malizia 2004).
