To accommodate such under-sampled areas, off-grid ground plots could be included along with the NFI ground plots in implementation of the model-based methods.
Unequally spaced grids were introduced to improve the requirements of the grids such as grounding grid resistance (Rg), ground potential rise (GPR), maximum touch voltage (Et) and maximum step voltage (Es) values.
Eventually, the validity of the model was verified through testing the grounding effect of the stereo grounding grid in practical grounding engineering of transmission towers.
Successful implementation of the proposed method is described for the design and configuration arrangement of a 115/13 kV substation earthing rectangular grid with ground rods system.
One of the converters (converter 1) is used to generate series voltage sources, and the other (converter 2) is connected between main grid and ground to compensate the real power consumption of converter 1.
Corresponding voltage differentials can find their way into electric-power grids through ground connections, driving uncontrolled electric currents that interfere with grid operation, damaging transformers, tripping protective relays, and sometimes causing blackouts (e.g., Boteler et al. 1998; Kappenman 2012; Thomson et al. 2010).
The stress field was calculated by solving the elastodynamic wave equations with the finite difference method (FDM) using discontinuous grids from Ground Motion Simulator (GMS) (Aoi and Fujiwara 1999).
Ref. [1] provided information about grounding grid performance in different soil structures after an extensive parametric study.
The measured soil resistivity values were then used to evaluate the ground resistance values of a grounding grid 'with rod' for the wet soil site and 'without rods' for the dry soil site, and then compared with the simulated ground resistance values.
More precisely, in order to locate damaged grounding riser(s) and/or grounding grid conductor(s), this paper is focused on novel unambiguous criteria for post-processing of raw-data collected from the measurements.
