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Due to their highly discontinuous distribution, the three gregarious populations were about 300 km away from the two solitary populations.
Gwynne [ 21] concluded that sex-role reversal caused sexual selection to be stronger on females than males in gregarious populations.
Three gregarious populations were sampled in north-western Colorado near Dinosaur National Monument and are coded LE, CO and TM.
Mormon crickets in "gregarious" populations aggregate into dense migratory bands, and females are the sexually competitive sex (sex-role reversal).
Recent mtDNA studies have uncovered a significant genetic division within Mormon crickets that broadly corresponds to western gregarious populations and eastern solitary populations [ 31].
We tested whether the incidence of singing versus non-singing males differed between solitary and gregarious populations and between years using a 3-factor G test [ 50].
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Since carrier frequency and chirp rate can convey information about present and past body condition [ 36, 37] and variation in male song can be subject to strong sexual selection [ 2, 3, 38- 40], it is almost certain that solitary and gregarious cricket populations have experienced differing sexual selection pressures on their calls.
These findings do not concur with Gwynne's [ 21], that females are larger than males only in gregarious role-reversed populations.
The behavioural and morphological differences we have found between solitary and gregarious Mormon cricket populations are consistent with the previous discovery of a genetic division that implies a distinct Pleistocene history.
We therefore pooled populations into gregarious and solitary forms for further analyses.
Multivariate analyses showed that solitary and gregarious individuals from different populations representing the two mtDNA clades had almost non-overlapping distributions based on multiple song and morphological measurements.
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