The reduction in response with genomic selection is greater than with selection based directly on phenotypes without the use of pedigree information, such as mass selection.
Even if selection is acting on the variation at a given gene, when the population is small, genetic drift may have a greater effect than selection.
Since for penalties greater than 3 selection alternated between these two options, it appears that both have approximately the same explanatory power.
More specifically, inasmuch as gene loss rate is certainly greater than zero, selection acts to reduce HGT to the extent that it more or less precisely balances the loss rate.
Toro and Varona [ 9] reported that expected total genetic superiority with optimized mate allocation was 16% greater than with selection on the breeding value only, for a trait with additive and dominance variances amounting to 40 and 10% of the phenotypic variance.
As with the transition to multicellularity, cells must associate nonrandomly and share their resources, and between-unit selection must be greater than within-unit selection, such that proliferative units behave as reproductive entities.
In the simulations performed for this study, selection on marker scores alone in cycle 0 led to greater genetic gain than selection on phenotypic values or GEBV-phenotype indices (results not shown), and therefore all selections made in cycle 0 were based on marker scores alone.
Estimated dN/dS ratios were greater than 2 (positive selection) or less than 0.5 (purifying selection) along the internal branches.
A Kp/Ku ratio significantly less than 1 reflects accelerated unpreferred substitution and presumably new or intensified selection for reduced translation rate, whereas a Kp/Ku ratio significantly greater than 1 reflects selection for accelerated preferred substitution and presumably increased translational inefficiency.
If dN / dS is greater than 1, positive selection is suggested, whereas dN / dS < 1 indicates negative or purifying selection.
