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However, contrary to what we anticipated, increases in the frequency of human exposure were associated with greater pup growth rates (Figure 3).
Similarly to communal nesting, genetic polyandry (multiple paternity within litters) also significantly improved pup survival with polyandrous litters having a greater pup survival than monandrous litters (polyandrous litters: 81.39±2.68%, monandrous litters: 46.54±5.75%; χ = 9.49, df = 1, P = 0.002).
Socially polyandrous litters raised in communal nests showed a greater pup survival than that of genetically monandrous litters raised in communal nests as well as in solitary nests, and similar to that of genetically polyandrous litters regardless of whether they were raised in communal or in solitary nests.
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The extent of damage when evaluated quantitatively on P7 was greater for pups previously treated on P2 compared to pups treated only on P7.
True or not, her gentler great-grand-pups and we humans have been mutually caring for one another long enough for us to know that something of the best within us emerges in the company of the single species on earth who will be faithful to us to the last beat of their hearts.
This general linear model predicts that PA is greatest for pups and least for yearlings.
As described previously [4], to maximize the effects of maternal diet differences on offspring growth, recuperated pups were culled to 4 (to maximize growth during suckling) and control pups were culled to 8 (if the number of pups was greater than 8) whereas PLP pups were unculled.
The strain has an average litter size greater than 13 pups, and females commonly nurse up to 18 pups with greater than 90% survival to weaning.
Female aggression may result in higher fecundity by increasing survival of pups directly via greater protection of the pups or indirectly by securing higher quality resting and breeding areas within the colony for females and their pups [45].
In contrast, in apical synapses, the amplitudes of hippocampal LTP were greater in adults than pups (pups, 132±5%, n = 7 from 7 animals; adults, 192±4%; n = 9 from 9 animals, P<0.01) (Apical, Figure 2).
Further, recent work using fMRI scans in rats showed that in lactating dams, addiction and reward brain regions show much greater activation with pups than cocaine as a stimulus and that this effect is reversed in virgin females [37].
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