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Escherichia coli in the exponential phase of growth have greater negative surface charge and decreased hydrophobicity (Walker et al. 2005), and other species of bacteria may follow this pattern.
The greater negative surface charge of acetylated HDL2 and HDL3 increases the level of binding of apoA-I to both particles.
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Surface modification of rice husk using pyrolysis was a more effective method for increasing ammonium adsorption than using a surfactant modification technique, as the pyrolysis technique results in a greater negative charge value and surface area while the surfactant decreases surface area.
Moreover, hybrid zeolite-polyamide membranes (Jeong et al. 2007) showed enhanced surface hydrophilicity with greater negative charge and lower roughness which implies that zeolite-polyamide membranes have a strong potential to be used as antifouling membranes (Kang and Cao 2012).
This difference could be a direct consequence of surface modifications with FA while PCC uptake was greater than that of PLGA as CS coating changes the negative surface charge to a positive one.
Moreover, cellular uptake of ODN-MS/PLL/DNA/PEI particles in SKOV3 cells was qualitatively greater than that of the uncondensed ODN-MS, suggesting that their larger size and net negative surface charge inhibits efficient transfection.
Bacterial adhesion was greatest on hydrophilic substrates with positive surface charge characteristics, followed by hydrophobic substrates with negative surface charge characteristics while increasing hydrophobicity, and smallest on hydrophilic substrates with negative surface charge characteristics.
The presence of Pt on the ZnO surface generated a greater occupation of the O 2p orbitals and so a greater negative effective charge of the O ions than Au and Ag nanoparticles.
H– and O NDs have positive and negative surface charges respectively60.
All nano-CoQ10 formulations had negative surface charges (Table 1).
In our experiments Synechocystis cells showed strong negative surface charges.
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