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Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds, particularly those with intense updrafts, high liquid water content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing 0 C.
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3. Spring-neap tidal stratification largely determined levels of exposure to low DO water, with greater vertical extent during spring tides and greater horizontal and benthic impacts during neap tides.
Although the strongest DVM signal over the greatest vertical extent was detected at both sites in October and March when the Sun was above the horizon, giving a distinct contrast in irradiance between day and night, a near-continuous, albeit reduced, DVM signal was detected at both sites during the polar night (figure 2).
Exposure times of biologically stressful levels of oxygen to organisms during these periods were limited to a maximum of about 6 h near the estuary mouth and 4 h upstream near station NC14 (Table 2); however, the vertical extent of low DO was greatest during spring tides and could even outcrop to the surface (Figures 6A and 10A).
Fluids may circulate to depths as great as 10 to 15 km or deeper (Nur and Walder 1990), i.e., throughout the entire vertical extent of sedimentary basins.
But that's just a tiny fraction of the glacier's full vertical extent.
We plotted temperature anomalies at different levels to see the vertical extent of the cold anomalies.
The atmosphere is considerably thinner in its vertical extent (scale height 7 km) than in its horizontal extent.
It is usually quite shallow in vertical extent, rarely persisting to altitudes of 3,000 metres (10,000 feet).
Remote sensing could be coupled with ground-based measurements to determine the lateral and vertical extent of the PVHI effect.
Their small size notwithstanding, zooplankton form dense aggregations tens of metres in vertical extent as they undergo diurnal vertical migration over hundreds of metres3,5,6.
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