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In general, the Cu atoms tend to form agglomerates located near the center of gravity of the clusters while the Pt atoms tend to lie further away from the center of gravity and separated from each other.
The gravity of this cluster acted as a lens, bending the light from a more distant galaxy behind it and brightening it.
The upshot is that gravity is stronger at these scales than Einstein predicted and that MOG can explain the gravity of the Bullet cluster without dark matter.
The idea of dark matter arose nearly 75 years ago when Fritz Zwicky, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, noticed that some galaxies in the Coma cluster appeared to be moving so fast that the gravity from the rest of the cluster shouldn't have kept them from flying into space.
The researchers conclude that these outliers were originally in clusters like the others, but after having their outer stars stripped away while orbiting a larger galaxy (orbit shown in this simulation), they had a close encounter with a third galaxy (approaching from bottom) whose gravity flung them out of the cluster like a slingshot.
The difference in the pull of gravity between the part of the cluster nearest the mass and the pull on the furthest part of the cluster results in a tidal force.
Getting a high-resolution spectrum was possible thanks to a fortunate trick of nature: The light of the distant object is magnified 50 times by the gravity of a galaxy cluster halfway between the Earth and cB58.
Like a lens, the intense gravity of a cluster of galaxies bends light.
Positions were reconstructed separately on the two sides using the center of gravity method on the SiPMs of the cluster.
As a result, photons emitted from the center of a galaxy cluster a massive object containing thousands of galaxies should lose more energy than photons coming from the edge of the cluster because gravity is strongest in the center.
Images from the Hubble Space Telescope and other telescopes show that the strength of the cluster's gravity no longer matches up with the hot gas, indicating that a stronger gravitational source--the dark matter--exists in the cluster.
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