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On the basis of the derived approximate solution, we focused on light propagation and obtained the additional corrections of the gravitational time delay and the relative frequency shift caused by the dark matter.
Examples of such differences include gravitational time dilation, gravitational lensing, the gravitational redshift of light, and the gravitational time delay.
Further tests of general relativity include precision measurements of the Shapiro effect or gravitational time delay for light, most recently in 2002 by the Cassini space probe.
Closely related to light deflection is the gravitational time delay (or Shapiro delay), the phenomenon that light signals take longer to move through a gravitational field than they would in the absence of that field.
In the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism (PPN), measurements of both the deflection of light and the gravitational time delay determine a parameter called γ, which encodes the influence of gravity on the geometry of space.
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You've got to explain gravitational lensing, the precession of Mercury's orbit, the Lense-Thirring effect, gravitational redshift, the Shapiro time delay, and — most recently — gravitational waves from merging black holes and neutron stars.
Space technology has led to increased accuracy in the measurements of the gravitational redshift and the Shapiro time delay, has permitted the first measurements of the Nordtvedt effect and geodetic (or de Sitter) effect to be made, and has further constrained the parameters in the Parameterized Post Newtonian formalism.
This means that two clocks initially synchronised and then moved to points of differing gravitational potential accumulate an increasing time delay.
Abstract: As the light from quasars transverses different paths through gravitational field of a galaxy, it generated multiple images on earth with time delay, which provides a way to measure some cosmological parameters, i.e. Hubble constant.
When objects traveling at the speed of light, like photons or gravitational waves, pass through that space, those signals get delayed according to the rules of General Relativity: the Shapiro time delay.
However since distinguishing between different gravitational theories is not the main objective of this study, rather than rederive the theoretical analysis therein, we simply generalise the time delay calculation reported in [10] to a more physically relevant case - in particular, that of a moving satellite.
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