Our results show that the grass transfer occurred roughly 80 million years ago, in the common ancestor of all grasses, and is accompanied by widespread, persistent retention of expressed and nearly intact pseudogenes among many diverse grass lineages.
The third putative transfer, which is the least well supported overall and in terms of being independent (i.e., of the "grass" transfer), is unique to the single examined species of Joinvillea (the sole genus in the Joinvilleaceae) and appears to be rather recent as judged by the relatively undiverged nature of the Joinvillea nuclear rps14 gene.
To further explore this situation, including determining exactly when the grass rps14 transfer occurred and whether other transfers of this gene have occurred in related plants, we have examined the structure and expression of rps14 from a large number of grasses and other members of the Poales.
The grasses were transferred into half strength Hoagland solution (without perlite) when they grew 3 cm high.
Boiled grass blades were transferred onto the agar with the growth and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.
To determine how ancient this transfer is, the extent to which mitochondrial rps14 has been retained and is expressed in grasses, and whether other transfers of rps14 have occurred in grasses and their relatives, we investigated the structure, expression, and phylogeny of mitochondrial and nuclear rps14 genes from 32 additional genera of grasses and from 9 other members of the Poales.
He was answering the Party's call for writers to "delve deep into the grass roots," but the transfer would also remove him from the turbulent political center.
When those contents are then chewed and eaten, the tiny pieces of grass and herbs are transferred to their hunter's teeth and get embedded there.
We transferred fresh grass blades, with >10 vesicles per blade containing numerous zoospores, to the plates holding 5 mosquito larvae per well (total of 30 larvae per plate).
Further, the ILP marker-based comparative mapping between foxtail millet and other grass species could enable transfer of gene-based marker information among these target species and thus would expedite map-based isolation of genes of agronomic importance in foxtail millet.
Fourth, the apparent absence of genes encoding EUL domains from all sequenced eukaryotes other than plants is difficult to reconcile with the expression of EUL proteins in three different animal species (unless one assumes that Aedes aegypti, Xenopus laevis and Wuchereria bancrofti acquired in a very recent past an EUL gene from a grass species by lateral transfer).
