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For flights to grape shoots, a grape shoot covering a space of 15 cm H ×20 cm W was cut from the experimental grapevine (8 total) and immediately placed into a water pick just prior to testing.
In addition, as the optimized blend had a ratio that was optimized previously in another flight tunnel study [23], and was slightly different than the one observed from the undamaged grape shoot (see Table 1 in [23]), we also prepared an "undamaged shoot blend" (JB undamaged blend in Table 1).
We acknowledge Vincor International for allowing us to collect grape shoot material from their vineyards in Okanagan Falls, BC, and Osoyoos, BC.
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On one island archaeologists found "grape shot" — iron balls less than an inch (2 centimeters) in diameter meant to be shot from a cannon — buried in two postholes under a sugar plantation house.
For each grapevine, two 60 cm grape shoots were carefully placed in the chamber.
For this experiment, however, we used both grape shoots and synthetic blends as targets.
In the flight tunnel, foliar damage significantly reduced female landing on grape shoots by 72% and full upwind flight by 24%.
To decouple the effect of changes in ratio and concentration, we first manipulated the ratio of the "optimized blend" (Table 1) according to the volatile ratio released from damaged grape shoots and prepared a "damaged shoot blend" (JB damaged blend in Table 1).
The results also show that a relatively small modulation in ratio of volatile constituents was responsible for the decrease in attractiveness of grape shoots damaged by Japanese beetle feeding, although increased concentration as a result of beetle feeding damage did not reduce female response within the concentration range we tested.
We tested damaged and undamaged grape shoots in the flight tunnel and found that Japanese beetle damage reduced close range female responses (N = 84 landing by 72.3% (F1,19 = 15.75, P<0.001) and full upwind flight, marginally, by 24.5% (F1,19 = 3.10, P = 0.09) (Fig. 2).
High concentrations of natural resveratrol and resveratrol oligomeres are found in grape shoots from Vitis Vinifera.
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