We find a clear superlinear effect, whereby new patents are granted disproportionately in larger urban centers, thus showing increasing returns in inventing activity with respect to population size.
The American middle class was once a roaring success- but its rewards were granted disproportionately to the white working class.
Some of the tax revenue will go to a community reinvestment fund that Lyman said could eventually amount to $50 million a year in grants for communities disproportionately impacted by drug dealing and the widespread arrests of drug dealers.
Some citizens worry, however, that pardons are disproportionately granted to the rich and influential.Last December, for example, Lee Kun-hee, the chairman of Samsung Electronics and reputedly the country's richest man, had his conviction for tax evasion expunged.
This meant focusing on "critical points of leverage", where a foundation's grants could have a disproportionately large effect by influencing the money and power of other institutions, not least government.
But although this "does put a burden on those people who are committed to doing the questioning," it is necessary in order to get male scientists to open their eyes to such issues as whether upper age limits on grants and awards discriminate disproportionately against women.
Additionally, funding agencies, donors and foundations disproportionately award grants to individuals and groups at elite institutions, thus amplifying the inequalities.
We found that regardless of intent, the U.S. EPA program is environmentally just by disproportionately awarding grants to the most economically distressed cities.
English taxpayers' money has travelled in the same direction Scotland receives a disproportionately generous grant from the central state.
There's also something to be said for the latitude given to teenage girls to simply be a public nuisance, when that freedom has disproportionately been granted to boys.
