China has long supported a policy of "indigenous innovation," which grants advantages to Chinese companies over foreign rivals, especially in technology industries, and tries to enforce technology transfer from foreign companies in business deals.
The recovered gas is used to feed refinery processes, granting advantages in terms of fuel economy and flare stress.
You grant advantages to countries you hope will one day join the gang, not to a country that's just slammed the door in your face.
Industry groups have complained that the rule would grant advantages to foreign companies that do not have to make such disclosures, and could potentially force American companies to curb operations in countries like China, Angola, Qatar and Cameroon that prohibit public disclosure of certain payments.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/14/197/prepub This work was supported in part by grants from Advantage proof of concept (APOC) and Advantage West Midlands (AWM).
It began, participants agreed, as a mechanism to overcome prejudice, but over time it has been transformed into a system that some people believe grants unfair advantage and leads to an overall lowering of standards.
In the model, the absolute reward effect exerts little effect on simulated behavioral choices because the absolute value signal is present in both accumulators (T1 and T2) during the accumulation process and thus grants no advantage to either accumulator.
Presumably, the ability for thiamin and precursor transport grants selective advantage when other pathways compete with the thiamin biosynthetic pathway for available amino acids and purines.
This metabolic profile is in fact prevalent in many cancer cells and grants them advantage over normal cells by allowing them to proliferate at much higher rates.
Duplication times and glycolytic activities fully match the concept that there is no "wasteful" metabolic behavior by the cancer cell lines but solely an adaptive behavior that grants them advantage over normal neighboring cells.
