However, the applicants were granted substitute housing and a lump-sum emergency allowance.
For now, NIH is telling researchers that they cannot separate hESC work from the rest of a grant or substitute other cell types, such as mouse ES cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. .
By showing how direct cash grants can substitute for cheap, fossil-based energy, it provides a rough political and economic roadmap for facilitating broader energy transitions in HRCs, particularly the very energy-intensive GCC.
The small, independent research projects must be separate from ongoing funded research in their mentors' labs, with the intent of encouraging students to think independently about how to expand upon their thesis projects, rather than using the grants to substitute for funding their mentors should provide.
It is pressing for changes in the way aid is distributed, with grants being substituted for loans in many cases.
The university also plans to substitute grants for loans in all financial-aid packages and will no longer consider home equity in calculating aid.
Many colleges say that their aggressive fund-raising and large endowments allow them to provide more financial aid and to substitute grants for student loans.
Both Williams and Amherst announced recently that they would substitute grants for loans as part of their financial-aid packages to reduce debt.
The 'alternative' view sees the granting of equal social and political rights, independent of citizenship status, as an alternative or substitute to granting access to formal membership through naturalisation; hence, not as a necessary step towards full inclusion.
Beginning this semester, Columbia is substituting grants for loans for students from households with incomes below $50,000.
Dozens of wealthy colleges have increased their aid to low- and middle-income students, many substituting grants for loans.
