But the very fact that the numbers are small is a powerful signal of the effectiveness of the cost-benefit analysis that underpins the granting of licences for research.
"The purpose of this guidance and direction from the bishops to the clergy and to those responsible for the grant of common licences is, therefore, to prevent the contracting of sham marriages in the Church of England," he said.
The trading subsidiaries then claimed that the grant of the licence was a new intangible fixed asset, which enabled them to claim tax relief.
In a 19-page legal letter seen by the Observer, CAAT warns that the government's refusal to suspend current licences to Saudi Arabia, and its decision "to continue the granting of new licences" for military equipment that may be destined for use in Yemen, is unlawful.
The granting of export licences to arms manufacturers became more transparent.
However there is strong opposition to the granting of drilling licences to fracking companies.
Allegations of corruption and abuse of public office dog Abdul Taib Mahmud, Sarawak's chief minister, finance minister and planning-and-resources minister, who is believed to have firm control over the granting of logging licences.
The Icac revelations have ignited criticism from inside and outside the Liberal party about influence peddling in NSW, after the former state Labor government was embroiled in controversy over its former ministers Eddie Obeid and Ian Macdonald and the granting of mine licences.
The prime minister agreed to the change in Britain's position, which will allow the granting of export licences for civil nuclear expertise and technology, after Cable wrote to the cabinet in June.
" A key criterion for the granting of the licences was that all non-lethal control methods, such as creating places for pheasants to hide and diverting buzzards away by leaving food out, had been unsuccessfully tried.
For this reason, Chandrabhan Prasad, a dalit writer, supports quotas but argues that more important is help for dalit businesses in the "unorganised" sector, where distributorships, grants of alcohol licences, construction contracts and so on are involved.Amit Mitra, of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, supports similar schemes, as well as preferment schemes by banks.
