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English prose, so one argument runs, must adapt to the new lexicon with all its grammatical violations and banality.
However, as Prinz (2008) points out, the moral stimulus may be less penurious than the linguistic stimulus: children are typically punished for moral violations, whereas their grammatical violations are often ignored.
For example, one study had subjects listen to non-linguistic tones (long beeps and buzzes) in one ear and speech in the other ear, and instructed subjects to press a button when they perceived a change in the tone; this supposedly caused subjects not to pay explicit attention to grammatical violations in the speech stimuli.
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"The passionate reader must be allowed to extract the author's physiognomy from every word or grammatical violation or syntactical knot in the text," she said.
The passionate reader must be allowed to extract the author's physiognomy from every word or grammatical violation or syntactical knot in the text, just as the reader will extract the sense of a character, a landscape, a feeling, or an action.
In Experiment 1 we show that for native speakers, grammatical gender agreement violations are yet another among many syntactic factors that modulate beta oscillatory activity during sentence comprehension.
Violation designs have also been used for hemodynamic studies (fMRI and PET): Embick and colleagues, for example, used grammatical and spelling violations to investigate the location of syntactic processing in the brain using fMRI.
Together, these findings suggest that beta power in L2 learners is sensitive to violations of grammatical gender agreement, but only when the importance of grammatical information is highlighted, and only when participants' subjective lexical representations are taken into account.
The fMRI study by Carreiras and co-workers [ 47] revealed an increase in activation in the right intraparietal sulcus for violation of grammatical number (compared to grammatical gender).
Non-grammatical strings and patterns were constructed by systematically introducing a single element violation into a grammatical string.
While the link between computations involved in processing complex syntax however conceptualized and left frontotemporal regions seems unambiguous, the processing (and violation) of local grammatical structures activates regions in right temporal lobes in addition to the FOP and L STG/MTG [Friederici et al., 2000a; Friederici et al., 2003; Friederici et al., 2006a; Ni et al., 2000].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com