This inquiry will enable us to identify equivalent grammatical opposition [i.e. systems] within "languages of differing structure" and seek the universal rules of implication which connect some of these oppositions [i.e. systems] with one another (glosses ours, p. 272).
In those days, most language courses focused on arcane grammatical details, the functional equivalent of the technical material that often bedevils introductory economics students.
The authors of the study, Elliot Schumacher and Maxine Eskenazi, discovered that while Hillary Clinton addressed Americans in language that someone with a ninth-grade education could understand, Donald Trump's word choices and his grammatical command were roughly equivalent to those of a sixth grader.
The thick Rio slang - musical, dirty, funny and full of grammatical errors - has no Anglo-Saxon equivalent.
In addition, language-specific data, such as bilingual dictionaries, or assumptions about grammatical constraints on words that are translational equivalents can be used in the alignment process[ 17].
This type is again absent in the SM or, at least, it is not contemplated in the same way; that is, Halliday & Matthiessen (2014: 707) refer to grammatical metaphors, which they transform to produce verbal equivalents of a nominalisation in an attempt to maintain the original meaning.
For example, the neuronal representations of a grammatical rule in two language users may differ heavily but they are still equivalent until they code for the same rule, as it is the rule that is under direct selection.
Syntactic (syntax, grammar and punctuation) Grammatical and syntactical possibilities vary across languages and may impact the identification of conceptually equivalent alternatives in a target language.
A conceptually equivalent word or phrase does exist in the target language, but for reasons of grammatical or linguistic fluency, it must be expressed in an alternative way or with a distinct syntactical structure in the target language.
