The factor structure also indicated that constructs are measured by the corresponding tasks within the EPE: the two grammar passages measure grammar proficiency; the reading passages measure reading proficiency, and so on.
We predicted that delay conditioning would correlate with the children's (SLI + LM) ability in grammar as measured by TROG together with the children's ability in phonological processing as tested by the NEPSY non-word repetition.
Lü Shuxiang was the first to treat them as a separate category, calling them "unit words" ( dānwèicí) in his 1940s Outline of Chinese Grammar and finally "measure words" ( liàngcí) in Grammar Studies.
The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 NL CELFF; Kort, Schittekatte, & Compaan, 2010) was used to measure grammar and vocabulary.
At age 4, children were classified as language impaired if their scores fell below the 15th percentile on at least two of three parent-provided measures: vocabulary, grammar (see Appendix A), and a measure that included relatively abstract aspects of language use (called abstract language in Dale et al., 2003, but simply language use here; see Appendix B).
For example, while some studies measure more technical aspects of reading (e.g. spelling and grammar) [ 14- 16], others measure aspects of reading comprehension [ 17- 19].
In the first of its two parts, Kitāb al-luma ("Book of the Many-Coloured Flower Beds"), Ibn Janāḥ dealt in large measure with grammar proper and included discussions of parts of speech and prefixes and provided a detailed outline of noun declensions.
CFA confirmed that the EPE measures three constructs: grammar proficiency, reading proficiency, and listening proficiency.
The set included vocabulary, grammar, nonliteral semantics, and inferences measures.
The values obtained with Lempel-Ziv complexity are not the same as those obtained with the grammar complexity, but the two measures show the same sensitivity to randomness in a symbol sequence.
One commentator notes, "a good test of grammar may be valid for measuring the grammatical ability of the examinees but not for measuring other kinds of abilities" (Farhady, 1986).
