A new Figure-of-Merit (FOM) is proposed to assess the best combination of film properties: grain size, residual stress, structural quality and growth rate.
Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to analyses the microstructure, grain size, residual stress and lamellae thickness.
The presence of polymorphism (e.g., α, β, γ, δ phases in PVDF), domain walls, grain boundaries, residual stain/magnetization, surface charge, and voids can significantly hinder the ME effect.
2 Composition: corn gluten 18.4%, turnips molasses chips 13.8%, wheat 10.0%, triticale 10.0%, rape cake 10.0%, maize 8.8%, malt germ 6.0%, grain distillation residual (ProtiGrain) 5%, rape extraction grist 5%, rumen protected rape extraction grist 5%, palm corn cake 3.3%, soy extraction grist 2.8%, sodium bicarbonate 1.0%, calcium bicarbonate 0.99%, plant oil (palm coconut) 0.40%.
A significant increase of grains' size, residual unreacted hematite, surface defects were the main reasons for the poor photoactivity.
We can rule out the larger contribution of grain boundary and residual strain to linear thermal expansion for BNII.
Our LTE results ruled out that the grain boundary and residual strain of BNII did much contribution to its thermal expansion.
Kaolin FP grade (commercial kaolin which has a fine grain size) and residual soil from Bukit Timah Granite were used to evaluate the performance of the HCT.
The hardness of the coatings investigated will be discussed with respect to the average grain size and residual biaxial stresses.
The hardness was influenced by the amorphous yttrium oxide phase, solid solution strengthening, grain boundaries and residual stress.
