Visual roughness, number of grains, perimeter of grains, storage modulus, and yield stress all decreased when heating temperature was increased, when an exopolysaccharide-producing starter culture was used, or when incubation temperature was decreased.
By contrast, computational methods using DI technology could enable us to automatically measure robust size descriptors (grain length, width, perimeter and area) and Elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs) capturing shape variation such as roughness, asymmetric skewing or other two dimensional aspects not encompassed by axes or distinctions in overall object area [ 15].
Most of the Oryza grain had an undulating perimeter exhibiting up to seven lobes (Figs. 1a and b).
Perimeter length of grain.
The 'Count Object' command was used to return values for four primary measures including major axis, minor axis, area, and perimeter of each grain (Additional file 9: Figure S3).
Horizontal and vertical deviations from the ellipse have indirect positive effect on grain weight and both vertical and horizontal perimeters have direct positive effect on grain weight because these are derivatives of grain length, width and thickness.
Furthermore, digital imaging technology was introduced for computational methods, which could enable us to automatically measure the grain shape parameters of circularity, seed area and perimeter length, etc. (Tanabata et al. 2012).
Among the four type hybrid rockets, the one with a multi-tube grain performs best, because it has the largest burning perimeter length.
It should be emphasised that from shape consideration, the perimeter, area, volume and shape functions of a grain are statistically independent.
