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To determine the likely sequence of reactions leading to the production of GA54 in grain, expression products of TaGA3ox-B3 and TaGA1ox-B1 were separately incubated with C-labelled GA9, GA4 and GA61 in the presence of co-substrates and cofactors and the products analysed by HPLC.
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"We have some fanatics who can't wait for the new grain releases, especially single-grain whiskies from closed distilleries, which have become eminently collectible but still haven't hit the heights of rare malt prices," says Joe McGirr of the Scotch Malt Whisky Society, which features up to 20 different grain "expressions" at any one time in its London and Edinburgh tasting rooms.
Additional targets are likely to fall into the same grain filling expression profile, such as the trypsin inhibitor BTi-CMe genes, known targets of BPBF and BIZ2 [ 26].
The first approach is to enhance the Fe storage capacity of grains through expression of the Fe storage protein ferritin under the control of endosperm-specific promoters.
In barley grains, highest expression of storage protein genes occurs between 10 and 12 DAF [ 61].
In developing grains their expression is either very low or not detectable.
Consistent with the role of SMG11 in panicle branch and grain number control, expression of SMG11 complemented the panicle branch and grain number phenotypes of smg11, and strong expression of SMG11 decreased panicle branches and grain number per panicle.
Interestingly, the species with a high starch content in the grain exhibited higher expression levels of the large subunit.
An experiment was conducted to uncover the effects of increasing dietary grain levels on expression of thiamine transporters in ruminal epithelium, and to assess the protective effects of thiamine against high-grain-induced inflammation in dairy cows.
Grain aphid actin expression levels were used to normalize Ct values obtained for each gene.
The above results demonstrated that the developing wheat grain exhibits high expression levels of GA biosynthetic and signalling genes, including the novel GA 1-oxidase TaGA1ox-B1.
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