After union occurs the extramedullary portion may hypertrophy and gradually be completely transformed into living bone which may approach the shape and size of the missing portion.
With less robust expression of TNF-α, survival is longer (mean time to death approximately 10 months) and the CHF phenotype evolves more gradually, characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation, interstitial infiltrates and fibrosis, and depressed adrenergic response.
The effects of inferior olivary hypertrophy were simulated by gradually increasing the electrotonic coupling between neighbouring inferior olive neurons (De Zeeuw et al., 1990; Ruigrok et al., 1990).
However, analyses of BMP-stimulated hypertrophy suggested that ALP activity gradually increased over a 3 day period, while Col X mRNA reached maximal levels within 24 h.
1 Hypertrophy of joint capsules also occurs, and causes pain and gradually debilitates joint function.
During limb development, cartilage is gradually replaced by endochondral ossification, a process in which the chondrocytes mature, hypertrophy and express COL X with reduced production of COL II.
The progression of hypertrophy from an adaptive form to the pathophysiological state occurs gradually over time and is characterized by cardiac dysfunction, upregulation of fetal gene expression, impaired myocardial vascularization, unfavorable changes in extracellular matrix composition and fibrosis [ 5– 9].
In a rat model of pressure-overload hypertrophy produced by aortic banding, apoptosis appeared to peak at four days and gradually subsided after one month of aortic banding [ 9].
Hypertrophy can maintain cardiac output and left ventricular (LV) function as a compensatory mechanism, but gradually produces systolic and diastolic LV dysfunction (Artham et al. 2009).
Mr. Greenspan underwent similar surgery, for what is known as benign prostatic hypertrophy, in 1994.
