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We demonstrate that complete elastic relaxation is achieved by appropriate choice of the Ge compositional grading rate and Si pillar width.
The grading rate within the range of 1.09 2.53%/μm does not seem to influence the surface roughness, strain relaxation ratio, mosaicity and the PL spectra significantly.
The experimental results are interpreted with the help of theoretical calculations based on linear elasticity theory describing the competition between purely elastic and plastic stress relaxation with increasing crystal width and Ge compositional grading rate.
We show that for 3 μm wide Si pillars and a Ge grading rate of 1.5% μm−1, only misfit dislocations are present while their fraction is reduced for higher Ge grading rates and larger structures due to dislocation interactions.
The approach is based on the out-of-equilibrium deposition of SiGe alloys graded at an exceptionally shallow grading rate (GR) of 1.5% µm−1 by low energy plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (LEPECVD).
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The grade rate shows details, especially the grade of significant discrepancy (≥ 2 FM stages).
Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings still have an investment grade rating for the country.
International credit-rating firms recently gave South Africa an investment-grade rating.
Until six days before Lehman Brothers collapsed five years ago, the ratings agency Standard & Poor's maintained the firm's investment-grade rating of "A".
The bond ratings of all three of those cities remain below the investment grade rating of Baa.
It did not change AOL's investment-grade rating.
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