Big publishers want to obtain all grades of paper from just a few global suppliers.
Watermarks are often used commercially to identify the manufacturer or the grade of paper.
There is a long section about the various grades of paper towel dispensers versus hot air blowers.
"There are magnets to pick up steel cans, eddy current separators to flick off aluminium, and trommels [revolving drums] to remove different grades of paper".
Another lakeside mill in the town of Selenginsk, about 120 miles away, produces an inferior grade of paper in a plant that recycles waste water, so that, theoretically at least, it discharges nothing into the lake.
North America's two biggest newsprint-makers, Abitibi of Canada and Bowater of South Carolina, are merging .The only grade of paper immune to technological substitution is tissue," such as bathroom or facial tissue, says Steve Chercover, an analyst at D.A. Davidson.
New York's commercial garbage has its own economic logic: Cardboard, certain grades of paper, scrap metals and food waste from restaurants are commodities, which means that sometimes they are quite valuable.
Instead, as Juha Niemela, boss of UPM-Kymmene, points out, they have streamlined the business, concentrating on particular grades of paper, such as fine papers for office use, and sought to consolidate paper making in products with the biggest technical demands and the highest economic returns.
Specifically we take a global view of each grade of paper, analyzing the current and forecast supply and demand dynamics for each grade of paper, as well as the end market for the various packaging grades, he explains.
Additional operations, such as winding to produce smaller rolls of paper suitable for printing or for further converting, the application of various additives onto the sheet, or super-calendaring, may be carried out on- or off-machine to produce different grades of paper.
