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plot; it uses national data on grade-point averages and SAT scores to compare national grading norms with those at the local high school.
What are the grading norms?
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As reflected by the effect sizes, grade differences for school and class norms were particularly evident.
Only regarding school and class norms could a significant difference be found between students from grades 8 and 9.
Main effects of grade-level suggested a particular increase in indirect peer pressure (e.g. appearance-related school and class norms) from early to middle adolescence.
In particular, instructors can choose to construct their course's learning environment with either criterion-referenced grading or norm-referenced grading.
Height for age and weight for height measures of each participant were compared to age and grade appropriate norms with reference to the NCHS standards of growth and development.
In 1960, ACS began screening applicants for high intellectual potential, requiring a tested IQ above 120, achievement test results one and a half grade levels above national norms in reading and math, and intensive in-person evaluations.
Of even more concern, however, is the impact norm-referenced grading has on competition between students.
One issue surrounding norm-referenced grading is that it can dissociate grades from any meaning in terms of content knowledge and learning.
In contrast, norm-referenced grading presumes that final grades will be distributed based on a normal, bell-shaped curve of performance in which students are essentially competing with one another for the top grades.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com