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We compared butterfly species richness and composition in clear-cuts at opposite ends of a connectivity gradient: sites completely surrounded by forest (isolated clear-cuts) vs. sites connected to the network of other forest clearings by open corridors (non-isolated clear-cuts).
We conducted a rapid assessment of butterflies at five disturbance gradient sites that varied in elevation from 900 m a.s.l. to 3500 m a.s.l. for 20 days during March April 2010 and recorded 79 butterfly species and 1504 individuals in the Tons valley in Western Himalayas.
Molecular analysis of aquifer DNA (nested PCR followed by cloning and 16S rDNA sequencing) detected primarily sequences associated with the Nitrosospira genus throughout the cores at the down-gradient site and a smaller proportion from the Nitrosomonas genus in the deeper anoxic, NH4+ zone at the down-gradient site.
We conclude that an uncharacterized group associated with Nitrosospira dominate at the geochemically stable, down-gradient site, but found little evidence for Betaproteobacteria nitrifiers beneath the infiltration beds where geochemical conditions were more variable.
Null assemblages for each site were therefore based on species-specific relationships between both local (e.g., depth, benthic cover, rugosity, wave exposure, fishing pressure) and regional (e.g., degree of isolation from other reef areas, location along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients) site characteristics.
Multiple ecological gradients (sites).
Residential impacts also noted Merriam et al. (2011); 250 µs/cm 41 sites sampled total in Spring; 8 sites along a residential development only gradient, 11 sites along a mining only gradient, remaining 22 sites with combined stressors Regression and changepoint analysis R2 = 0.36 Timpano (2011); 634 µs/cm 8 28 sites sampled up to 4 times each.
The effect of stand structural heterogeneity on production was examined in the northeastern region of Brazil using a set of spacing × genotype trials of Eucalyptus along a large gradient in site productivity.
Measured in situ temperature, pore water salinity and regional geothermal gradient at site NGHP-01-05 NGHP-01-05 NGHP-01-05esistivity of formation werer.
Vegetation composition changes between 2004 and 2011 across the gradient of sites were most pronounced among graminoids and forbs at the lowest site, Clarke 5, with an increase in forb abundance of up to 350 % in the lower mountain SAS (Table 1).
Sampling locations spanned a wide chemical gradient from sites receiving seasonal fertilizer nitrogen and sulfate (SO₄ ²⁻) loads to sites receiving seasonal increases in marine salts.
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